Animal Behavior Genetic Basis Rothenbuhler's bee experiments Fruit fly behavior Pleitrophy and polygenic traits Causation Proximate Ultimate Instinct vs. learned behavior Instinctive behavior stimulus-response relationship sign stimulus innate releasing mechanism releasers threshold action specific energy supernormal releasers fixed action pattern appetitive stage consumatory stage orienting movements Lorenz and Tinbergen Egg rolling in geese Imprinting Learned Behavior (adaptive) Conditioning Classical Pavlov's experiments stimuli unconditioned conditioned responses unconditioned conditioned Generalization Discrimination Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner Operants Reinforcement Positive reafference Negative Extinction Punishment No reinforcement Skinner's books Simple Movements Kinesis Taxis Positive and negative Orientation Kramer's sun compass experiments Star orientation Migration and navigation Communication Visual Sound Touch Chemical Pheromones Deception Camouflage Mimicry Mullerian Batesian Pseudocopulation Mating Rituals species recognition sex recognition sexual dimorphism Aggression lethal non-lethal Social behavior Socialization in evolution Dominance hierarchies Territoriality Darwinian fitness vs. inclusive fitness cooperation altruism reciprocal altruism Sociobiology